![]() Dried beans are almost always cooked by boiling, often after being soaked in water for several hours. : 254 Dry beans ĭry beans will keep indefinitely if stored in a cool, dry place, but as time passes, their nutritive value and flavor degrade, and cooking times lengthen. Raw or undercooked beans contain a toxic protein called phytohaemagglutinin. The beans are smooth, plump, kidney-shaped, up to 1.5 cm long, range widely in color and are often mottled in two or more colors. These may be green, yellow, black, or purple, each containing 4–6 beans. The white, pink, or purple flowers are about 1 cm long, and they give way to pods 8–20 cm (3–8 in) long and 1–1.5 cm wide. All varieties bear alternate, green or purple leaves, which are divided into three oval, smooth-edged leaflets, each 6–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 3–11 cm (1–4 in) wide. Bush varieties form erect bushes 20–60 cm (8–20 in) tall, while pole or running varieties form vines 2–3 m (7–10 ft) long. The common bean is a highly variable species with a long history. Five years later, he gave a bag of beans as a present to his niece, Catherine, on her wedding to Prince Henri of France, along with the county of the Lauragais, whose county town is Castelnaudary, now synonymous with the white bean dish of cassoulet. In 1528, the pope, Giulio de' Medici, received some white beans, which thrived. The common bean arrived in Europe as part of the Columbian exchange. The three Mesoamerican crops constitute the "Three Sisters" central to indigenous North American agriculture. However, recent genetic analyses show that it was domesticated in Mesoamerica first, and traveled south, probably along with squash and maize (corn). It was originally believed that it had been domesticated separately in Mesoamerica and in the southern Andes region, giving the domesticated bean two gene pools. In 2016, Myanmar was the largest producer of dried beans, while China produced 79% of the world's total of green beans. Worldwide, 27 million tonnes of dried and 24 million tonnes of green beans were grown in 2016. Beans are grown on every continent except Antarctica. The other major types of commercially grown beans are the runner bean ( Phaseolus coccineus) and the broad bean ( Vicia faba). ![]() Best-known cultivar groups include the kidney bean, the navy bean, the pinto bean, and the wax bean. All wild members of the species have a climbing habit, but many cultivars are classified either as bush beans or climbing beans, depending on their style of growth. The common bean has a long history of cultivation. Like most members of this family, common beans acquire the nitrogen they require through an association with rhizobia, which are nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Its botanical classification, along with other Phaseolus species, is as a member of the legume family Fabaceae. Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder. Phaseolus vulgaris, the common bean, is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or green, unripe pods. Diversity in dry common beans Areas of common bean domestication ![]()
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